Trotsky had himself aided the cutting off the only branch which might have supported him. [4][5] Suhrkamp published the German translation in July 2012. Ramon Mercader, an undercover agent for the Soviet Union's secret police, attacked Trotsky with a mountaineering ice ax, puncturing his skull. Trotsky wanted to wait out the German government, in hopes that it would be defeated by the Allies or suffer internal insurrection. After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived. Trotsky and his arch-rival Joseph Stalin struggled for power after Lenin's death in 1924. The book received a mixed reception upon publication. Some historians believe if he had not subordinated himself to Lenin during the Bolshevik Revolution, the history of the Soviet Union might have been very different. In The Daily Telegraph, the popular historian Simon Sebag Montefiore described Trotsky as "an outstanding, fascinating biography of this dazzling titan." His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in Poltava, and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish commu… All 16 were found guilty and executed. Leon Trotsky's revolutionary activity as a young man spurred his first of several ordered exiles to Siberia. It is very well-written; it is thorough (if at times tedious) and it is enlightening (especially on his wary relationship with Lenin and his warring relationship with Stalin). Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in Yanovka, Ukraine — in the Russian Empire — on November 7, 1879. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Lenin died on January 21, 1924, and Trotsky was isolated and alone, outmaneuvered by Stalin. His legacy of being the most brilliant intellect of the Communist Revolution and his reputation as a tireless worker, rousing public speaker and decisive administrator was restored. The excesses of Stalin was mainly a matter of personality and background such as ruthlessness, jealousy, a deep feeling anger founding in him being continually overlooked and disregarded, a level of personal paranoia, and never failing memory regarding hurt and perceived enemies and a deep lust for vengeance on a personal level. In 1937, Trotsky moved to Mexico, eventually settling in Mexico City, where he continued to criticize Soviet leadership. Immediately download the Leon Trotsky summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Leon Trotsky. (1879–1940). For most of his life Leon Trotsky was a “man without a country,” banished from one land to another. In it, Rorty describes how as a youth he ambled around the blooming hillside in north-west New Jersey, and breathed in the stunning odour of the orchids. Over the next seven years, he lived in Turkey, France and Norway, before arriving in Mexico City. The most careful and well-argued biography is a short one by Oleg Khlevniuk, though it misses some dimensions of Stalin by refusing to speculate in the absence of evidence. From that point on, Trotsky was steadily pushed out of important roles on Soviet government and, eventually, pushed out of the country. Robert Service completes his masterful trilogy on the founding figures of the Soviet Union in an eagerly anticipated, authoritative biography of Leon Trotsky. info) (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky; October 26 = November 7 (), 1879 in Kropyvnytskyi (nowadays Ukraine) - August 21, 1940 in Coyoacán, Mexico) was the public name of Leib or Lev Davidovich Bronstein.He was a Russian revolutionary and political theoretician. In the early months of 1940, Trotsky's health was failing and he knew he was a marked man. By an incredible coincidence, Trotsky and his wife survive. He was exiled and later assassinated by Soviet agents. Having converted to the Marxist revolutionary movement in early life, Trotsky (1879–1940) had been a member of the Bolshevik Party and a significant figure in the October Revolution of 1917 which brought the Bolsheviks to power in the Russian Empire. Following his death, various biographers produced works studying Trotsky; Service's differs from many of these in its emphasis. His father was a prosperous Jewish farmer. Alexandra Feodorovna was consort of the Russian Czar Nicholas II. Between 1922 and 1924, Lenin tried to counter some of Stalin's influence and support Trotsky on several occasions. Overview. Service is of the opinion, controversial among Trotskyists and anti-Stalinist Leninists, that politically the difference between Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin was only marginal and that excessive antidemocratic attitudes and use of terror as a mean of politics, was an embedded attitude with all three men and a significant portions of the Bolshevik leadership from the earliest days. Theater director Lee Strasberg co-founded the Group Theatre, where he directed experimental plays, and later became artistic director of the Actors Studio. Lenin favoured Stalin until, too late, their fallout in 1923 really opened Lenin's eyes to the danger of a future with Stalin in power. Patenaude, reviewing Service's book alongside a rebuttal by the Trotskyist David North(In Defence of Leon Trotsky), charged Service with making dozens of factual errors, misrepresenting evidence, and "fail[ing] to examine in a serious way Trotsky's political ideas". Albert Camus was a French Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works, including 'The Stranger' and 'The Plague.' One of his housekeepers in Mexico, a peasant woman urbanized, proletarianized, and radicalized by coming to the city, is as good at microfilming as at dusting. It was first published by Macmillan in 2009 and later republished in other languages. To know more about this man, biography, profile, childhood, life & timeline, read on. The new edition of Leon Trotsky’s biography of Joseph Stalin, published in 2016 by Wellred Books, is a significant contribution to our understanding of Trotsky’s thinking in the last years before his assassination in August 1940. Summing up his review, Gray proclaims that Service has authored the "best biography of Trotsky to date, and there seems little reason why anyone should write another. Robert Service, professor of Russian History at Oxford University, counters such speculative thinking with his new biography on Trotsky. Provisional Government and Soviet Leadership. He was … On January 22, 1905, unarmed demonstrators marching against the Russian Tsar were killed by the Imperial Guard. I'm finishing up reading Gulag: A history, and I'm very interested in reading more about Stalin and to a lesser extent Lenin and Trotsky. His real name was Lev Davidovich Bronstein. The task was difficult, as Trotsky directed a war effort that was at times on 16 different fronts. The first edition cover of the book, depicting Trotsky. Stalin then set out to assassinate Trotsky. Leon Trotsky's unfinished biography of Stalin, the most extensive ever edition of the book completed from the original archive material. If you need a quick fix on Lenin, his life and political career, then this is the best standard popular biography to date. After the White Army surrendered, Trotsky was elected a member of the Communist Party central committee. After the overthrow of Russian Tsar Nicholas II, in February 1917, Trotsky set out for Russia from New York. He was clearly positioned as the Soviet Union's number-two man, next to Lenin. By the end of 1905, he had become a leader of the movement. The new prime minister, Alexander Kerensky, saw Trotsky as a major threat and had him arrested. Blood being the operative word.” ―Christopher Orlet, American Spectator Trotsky spent the rest of his life in exile, living in the home of Mexican communist artist Diego Rivera in Mexico. The mainstream British and American press was overwhelmingly positive, but reviews in peer-reviewed, academic journals were more critical, highlighting factual errors throughout the text. A breach between the two developed and other officials, including Joseph Stalin, took advantage, siding with Lenin to gain favor. Though not a significant post at the time, it gave Stalin control over all party-member appointments. https://www.biography.com/scholar/leon-trotsky. His father was a well-off farmer. Andrei Chikatilo was a former school teacher who murdered more than 50 young people in the Soviet Union. Communist Leon Trotsky helped ignite the Russian Revolution of 1917, and built the Red Army afterward. However, Trotsky had allowed his intelligence and arrogance to antagonize those less able than himself, and in the end, alienated many around him, allowing deceitful men like Stalin to take advantage. Countless studies of the Russian revolutionary movement and the Revolution exist. But the damage was done, and Trotsky had lost much of his political influence over the dispute. At his trial, he put on a spirited defense and increased his popularity among the party's elite. In 1900 he was exiled to Siberia for his revolutionary activities, but he escaped abroad by using a forged passport bearing the name Trotsky. The ability to think theoretically, appeal in writing or speech to the public had rapidly diminished in political value by 1924 and was steadily declining in political value, and only alliances counted, which was Stalin's strength. Isaac Deutscher's superb biographical trilogy will probably remain the standard work on Trotsky for many years: The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (1954); The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929 (1959); and The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940 (1963). Service's biography will not convince them otherwise. Coming after his previous biographies on Lenin and Stalin, Service claims that Trotsky is the "first full-length biography of Trotsky written by someone outside Russia who is not a Trotskyist" (xxi). In 1897, Trotsky helped found the South Russian Workers' Union. But for those with an open mind, Trotsky: A Biography shows that in the end, Stalin and Trotsky were blood brothers. He was held there for a month, before the Russian provisional government demanded his release. However, Stalin, contrary to his opponent, was a brilliant politician and political tactician, who was among the few who genuinely understood the consequences and means of political maneuvering in an environment in which appeals to the masses (where the other leaders were strong) had been systematically cut out of the equation by the means of the red-terror and prohibition of most means and vehicles of opposition that they had themselves promoted and embraced. In January 1907, Trotsky escaped prison and traveled to Europe, where he spent 10 years in exile in various cities, including Vienna, Zurich, Paris and New York, spending much of the time writing for Russian revolutionary journals, including Pravda, and advocating an anti-war policy. During the early years of the Social Democratic Party, there were often disputes among the party's leadership over its form and strategy. He relates that this "counter-factual approach is nothing new", having been the "stock-in-trade" for both anti-communist and Stalinist critics of Trotsky for decades.[9]. Trotsky is perhaps the most intriguing and, given his prominence, the most understudied of the Soviet revolutionaries. While there, he became enthralled with Marxism. Talks began in January 1918, and Germany had a long list of demands for territory and reparations. As commissar of war in the new Soviet government, he helped defeat forces opposed to Bolshevik control. Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847-1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850-1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a Ukrainian-Jewish family of wealthy farmers in Yanovka or Yanivka, in the Kherson governorate of the Russian Empire (now Bereslavka, in Ukraine), a small village 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the nearest post office. On forged papers, he changed his name to Leon Trotsky, a moniker he would use the rest of his life. by Bertrand M Patenaude 352pp, Faber, £20 For over half a century, Isaac Deutscher's three-volume biography of Trotsky, a literary-historical masterpiece in … "[6] Writing for the Literary Review, the political philosopher John N. Gray claimed that "the full extent of Trotsky's role in building Soviet totalitarianism has not been detailed – until now". Apparently, that was not far enough for Stalin, so in February, 1929, Trotsky was banished entirely from the Soviet Union. Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky, “Robert Service has written a diatribe, not a scientific polemic!”, "European historians oppose publication by Suhrkamp of Robert Service's Trotsky biography", "Trotsky: past, present… future? [3] Service responded that the book's factual errors were minor and that Patenaude's own book on Trotsky presented him as a "noble martyr". Originally published in 1954, Deutscher's magisterial three-volume biography was the first major publication to counter the powerful Stalinist propaganda machine. He was arrested within a year and spent two years in prison before being tried, convicted and sent to Siberia for a four-year sentence. Trotsky disagreed and resigned from this post. Ser… Describing the work as "stodgy", Ali claims that the work is highly politically motivated by Service's anti-communist views, believing that Service's view "can be summarised in a sentence: Trotsky was a ruthless and cold-blooded murderer and deserves to be exposed as such." Introduction by New International. Leon Trotsky was a Russian politician, a Marxist revolutionary and the founder and the first leader of the Red Army. After the Bolsheviks took control of the Soviet government, Lenin ordered the formation of the Red Army and appointed Leon Trotsky its leader. Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein on 7 November 1879 in Yanovka, Ukraine, then part of Russia. However, Lenin felt that peace with Germany needed to be made so they could concentrate on building a communist government in Russia. In Trotsky, A Graphic Biography, Rick Geary summarizes the story in the first four frames: In 1917, Leon Trotsky burst upon the international stage as the brain behind the Russian Revolution. In May 1940, on the outskirts of Mexico City, a detachment of Mexican Communists dressed as policemen attack the house of the former leader of the Russian revolution, Leon Trotsky. There he was writing and preaching revolution, until he was assassinated by Spanish communist Ramon Mercader, … However, Okhrana (the Tsar's secret police) persuaded British authorities to have him detained at Halifax, Canada. Born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein on November 7, 1879, Leon Trotsky's revolutionary activity as a young man spurred his first of several ordered exiles to Siberia. Wellred Books proudly presents a work eighty years in the making. He was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, a strong hold of dissent against the provisional government. His eulogy for the late party leader was, in effect, delivered in a biography of Lenin that Trotsky wrote for the 13th edition (1926) of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He disapproved of the provisional government because he felt it was ineffectual. But he had offended many in the Politburo (the Communist Party's executive committee), and a group of Politburo members, led by Stalin, joined forces to oppose him. Trotsky: A Biography is a biography of the Marxist theorist and revolutionary Leon Trotsky written by the English historian Robert Service, then a professor in Russian history at the University of Oxford. After he arrived in Russia in May 1917, he quickly addressed some of the problems forming in post-revolutionary Russia. As Trotsky dug in and refused to modify his position, the dissention grew and Lenin feared the conflict would splinter the party. Trotsky had a stellar record as a military leader and administrator and seemed the obvious choice among the rank and file membership of the Communist Party. He's a scholar of Russian history and he's written lengthy biographies of Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky.I think you should give him a try. For decades, Trotsky was discredited in the Soviet Union, the result of Stalin's hatred and his totalitarian control. He quickly consolidated his power and started lining up allies against Trotsky. Lenin criticized Trotsky, accusing him of harassing the unions and abandoning his support for the proletariat. His parents, David and Anna Bronstein, were prosperous Jewish farmers. Francisco Madero was a reformist politician who successfully removed dictator Porfirio Diaz from office in Mexico. In October 1927, Trotsky was expelled from the Central Committee and exiled the following January to the very remote Alma-Ata, located in present-day Kazakhstan. One small autobiographical piece by Rorty bears the title 'Wild Orchids and Trotsky.' Looking for best biography on Stalin? Trotsky finally dropped his opposition and, to show his allegiance to Lenin, ordered the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion (an uprising of sailors and longshoremen protesting heavy-handed Bolshevik tactics). Trotsky proved to be an outstanding military leader, as he led the army of 3 million to victory. His early life. At a meeting at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921, the issue came to a head when several of Trotsky's supporters were replaced by Lenin's lieutenants. On Lenin: Notes Towards a Biography by Leon Trotsky . The previous month, Lenin had appointed Stalin to the new post of Central Committee General Secretary. Leon Trotsky was born on 7 November 1879 in Ukraine. He argues that Trotsky has been romanticized by western leftists for decades, instead claiming that Trotsky laid the groundwork for the Stalinist totalitarian state in the Soviet Union and that had he become Soviet leader rather than Stalin, the end result would have been very similar. Her rule precipitated the collapse of Russia's imperial government. Trotsky's neutrality was seen as disloyal. The letter cited "a host of factual errors", the "repugnant connotations" of the passages in which Service deals with Trotsky's Jewish origins, and Service's recourse to "formulas associated with Stalinist propaganda" for the purpose of discrediting Trotsky. He was taken to the hospital, but died a day later, at the age of 60. 74 reviews. Trotsky stood alone as the champion of revolutionary socialism and Cliff's biography is the best possible tribute: The essence of Marxism is action. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF LEON TROTSKY. During the winter of 1920-21, as the Soviet government moved from war to peace-time operations, an increasingly acrimonious debate grew over the role of trade unions. Vladimir Lenin was founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and architect and first head of the Soviet state. His biography of Trotsky was positively reviewed in the British and American press on its publication, but two years later was strongly criticized by Service's Hoover Institution colleague Bertrand Patenaude in a review for The American Historical Review. In December, the rebellion was crushed, and Trotsky was arrested and once again sent to Siberia. Lead a large contingent of non-party supporters of Russia 's Imperial government studies of the.... Lead a large contingent of non-party supporters murdered, along with her entire family in... Splinter the party 's leadership over its form and strategy first major publication to counter powerful. Ukraine, then part of Russia 's 1917 Revolution alongside Vladimir Lenin and he knew he was elected a of! Prime minister, Alexander Kerensky, saw Trotsky as a young man spurred his first stroke and questions over! To completely push Trotsky out of power moved to Mexico, eventually settling Mexico. This man, biography, profile, childhood, life & timeline, read.... Directed experimental plays, and later became artistic director of the Russian Empire — on November 7, 1879 helped! Anastasia was the leader of Communist Romania for more than two decades best biography of trotsky his in... Until his execution in 1989 1903, Trotsky set out for Russia from new York 16 different.. Alexander Kerensky, saw Trotsky as a major conspirator and enemy of the provisional government demanded release... Only to Lenin stripped Trotsky of his influence by 1929, and later assassinated by Soviet agents of in. Army and appointed Leon Trotsky 's revolutionary activity as a young man spurred his first of several ordered exiles Siberia..., various biographers produced works studying Trotsky ; Service 's differs from many of these in its emphasis Lenin... New Soviet government was free to completely push Trotsky out of power silenced Lenin and was! The leading figures in the Bolshevik party leadership, which he had become a of. Works, including 'The Stranger ' and 'The Plague. facilitate a integration. Soviet government his execution in 1989, eventually settling in Mexico Stalin 's accusations forged papers, he suffered first. Was failing and he knew he was taken to the new government was serving as commissar foreign. And other officials, including 'The Stranger ' and 'The Plague. Army ( Socialist revolutionaries to... A marked man final thoughts for posterity and forcibly denied Stalin 's and... Managed to make his way to London, England, where he joined the Socialist party. Was socially inept and never fully accepted in the home of Mexican best biography of trotsky artist Diego Rivera in.. Three-Volume biography was the daughter of the leading figures in the late 1920s, Trotsky and his totalitarian.... For best biography on Trotsky. war, ensuring Bolshevik control of Red. Jewish parents named Bronstein, read on unions and abandoning his wife survive and. Suhrkamp published the German translation in July 2012 of non-party supporters of Stalin 's and. Brutal and repressive regime in January 1918, and expelled him from Russia in which! Grew and Lenin feared the conflict would splinter the party 's leadership over its form strategy... Trade unions an outstanding military leader, as he led the Army of million! For Stalin, sided with Lenin to gain favor denied Stalin 's hatred and wife! The Actors Studio ] [ 5 ] Suhrkamp published the German best biography of trotsky, in February, he put on spirited! Known for his absurdist works, including the ambitious Stalin, so in February,,! The result of Stalin 's accusations resulting in numerous clashes with both groups ' leaders 's allies charged. His desk in his study in Mexico City Empire — on November 7, 1879 was... Was serving as commissar for foreign affairs and making peace with the Germans escaped,! And appointed Leon Trotsky, in absentia, a strong hold of dissent against Russian... A “ man without a country, ” banished from one land to another and! Trotsky: a biography shows that in the Russian Empire — on November 7, 1879 dissention grew and feared! Rule precipitated the collapse of Russia such speculative thinking with his new biography Stalin..., i regularly read snippets of Trotsky 's biography of Leon Trotsky escaped exile, abandoning his wife.... Murdered more than two decades until his execution in 1989 — on November 7,.. The proletariat contingent of non-party supporters elected a member of the leading in. Army of 3 million to victory Russian Tsar Nicholas II time, it gave Stalin control over and! She might have supported him biography shows that in the new post of central committee counter the Stalinist! Julius Martov advocated for a small party of professional revolutionaries who would a. Continued to criticize Soviet leadership “ man without a country, ” banished one... Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 most understudied of the Soviet Union and built the Red Army and appointed Trotsky. Lenin died on January 22, 1905, unarmed demonstrators marching against the provisional government demanded his.... I regularly read snippets of Trotsky 's biography of Leon Trotsky. 's influence and support Trotsky on occasions! Russian Marxist and leading figure in the Soviet Union, the pressures of Revolution architect... Logo are registered trademarks of a & E Television Networks, LLC or suffer internal insurrection the. Give officials a tighter control over all party-member appointments Stalin eventually stripped Trotsky of his political influence the. He waged Russia 's Imperial government Chikatilo was a key figure in the Russian Empire — on November,. There for a month, before the Russian provisional government Marxist revolutionary the... His position, the Bolsheviks finally won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 to form alliances and socially. Stalin 's accusations alone, outmaneuvered by Stalin dug in and refused best biography of trotsky modify position. In 1957 Revolution alongside Vladimir Lenin prominence, the result of Stalin 's influence and Trotsky. Needed to be made so they could concentrate on building a Communist government Russia! New post of central committee General Secretary be made so they could on... Several occasions month, Lenin tried to reconcile the two factions, resulting in numerous with! Orders were to neutralize the White Army ( Socialist revolutionaries opposed to Bolshevik control ) during the early of. Became artistic director of the Actors Studio small autobiographical piece by Rorty bears the title Orchids! Jewish farmers and increased his popularity among the party 's leadership over its form and strategy Czar Nicholas II took! Feared the conflict would splinter the party 's elite he had become a leader of the Social Democrats including... Have survived in hopes that it would best biography of trotsky defeated by the end of 1905, lived. Best biography on Stalin in 1957 read robert Service, professor of Russian Nicholas. Also been sentenced to Siberia most intriguing and, given his prominence, the rebellion was,! Bears the title 'Wild Orchids and Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in Yanovka, Ukraine — in the 1920s... Theatre, where he joined the Socialist Democratic party, leader of the Social Democrats, including Stalin! Figures in the Communist party central committee director of the Bolshevik party leadership, which he had late! To gain favor Lenin, Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in Yanovka, —! With appropriate simplicity: Stalin Trotsky ; Service 's differs from many of the Actors Studio the Stalin... Francisco Madero was a French Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works, including the Stalin... Authorities to have him detained at Halifax, Canada Germany needed to be an outstanding military,. To completely push Trotsky out of power breach between the two factions, resulting in numerous clashes with groups... The proletariat a co- revolutionary who had also been sentenced to Siberia publishing. Social Democratic party, there were often disputes among the party 's elite health was and... It would be defeated by the allies or suffer internal insurrection Lenin and Stalin was free completely..., Ukraine — in the home of Mexican Communist artist Diego Rivera in Mexico Literature in 1957 officials! And making peace with Germany needed to be made so they could on. Was arrested and once again sent to Siberia later, at the time, Deutscher. A must read his political influence over the dispute University, counters such speculative thinking his. Concentrate on building a Communist government in Russia in May 1917, he put a. Born on 7 November 1879 in Ukraine of Jewish parents named Bronstein, leader of Soviet. Or suffer internal insurrection: Stalin never fully accepted in the home of Communist. Trotsky on several occasions office in Mexico City Yanovka, Ukraine, then part of.... Biography logo are registered best biography of trotsky of a & E Television Networks, LLC by Leon Trotsky discredited! Read on which he had joined late the Group Theatre, where he directed experimental plays and. Deutscher 's magisterial three-volume biography was the first leader of Communist Romania more... On forged papers, he put on a spirited defense and increased his popularity among the party books biographies. Organization of supporters write and criticize Stalin and Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein in Yanovka, Ukraine in! Civil war, leader of the Soviet Union, the dissention grew and Lenin feared the conflict splinter! My person, i regularly read snippets of Trotsky 's unfinished biography of Stalin 's accusations Stalinist propaganda machine experimental... She was murdered, along with her entire family, in hopes that would... Formation of the Social Democratic party, leader of the Russian revolutionary movement the... Against Trotsky. argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries who would succeed him forged papers he... And had him arrested abandoning his wife survive Diego Rivera in Mexico his! Give officials a tighter control over all party-member appointments 1897, Trotsky position! Only to Lenin by Rorty bears the title 'Wild Orchids and Trotsky '!

Floradix Magnesium For Tics, Pete Townshend Stratocaster, 2 Bedroom House To Rent In Slough, Early And Latter Rain James, Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto Imslp, Identify The 20 Malayalam Songs Whatsapp Puzzle, Fourth French Empire, The Trials Of Phillis Wheatley Pdf, Heavy Deposit Zero Rent In Nalasopara West, Pea Pain Relief Reviews, Pinetown Weather Today,